Can you believe that by just having a “good” name, a candidate could get an interview call? The first thought that comes to your mind might be “It’s impossible!” However, Toronto University researchers have data to prove it
In an interesting field experiment, they sent 13,000 computer generated resumes to 3,255 job advertisements. Even though it sounds like a bizarre experiment, you would be shocked by the results
“Candidates with Asian names had a 28 percent reduced likelihood of getting called for an interview compared to those with an Anglo name even when all qualifications are equivalent”
Sounds unbelievable right? The Toronto university researchers are not alone in their findings. Apparently, applicant’s address also influenced the screening process as cited by the National Bureau of Economic Research.
These are the typical examples of hiring bias. Hiring bias is no longer a boring text book term. Hiring bias is real and happening
Hiring Bias and Organization Diversity
As a recruiter, you strive for your organization’s profitability and goodwill. Identifying hiring biases and nipping them in the bud could make your company a truly inclusive and diverse workplace. How does diversity help your organization?
This article in Harvard Business Review finds that diverse teams are more objective and ready to reexamine facts. In a survey of 1000 companies across 12 countries, this McKinsey study directly connects profitability to gender and ethnic diversity
They say gender diversity could boost profitability by 21% while ethnic and cultural diversity could bring 35% increase in profitability. While it is a big thumbs up for diversity, there is more good news
McKinsey study also says: “More diverse companies are better able to attract top talent; to improve their customer orientation, employee satisfaction, and decision making.”
Are you looking for innovative teams? You might want to give diversity a chance. The innovation journal observes that R&D teams with women on board are more innovative. Another study based in London observes that:
“Companies with diverse management are more likely to introduce new product innovations than are those with homogeneous “top teams.”
Do you need a stronger reason to avoid hiring biases in your recruitment process? When it comes to profitability, innovation, better products - diversity is the mantra that you need to follow
Legal Repercussions of Hiring Bias
Small or big, law suits are nightmares for every organization. As a recruiter, you could save your organization from law suits. Simply eliminating hiring bias could save your company from troubles faced by many others.
For example, In 2018, Orlando-based restaurant chain Season 52 was accused of age discrimination and had to settle for $2.85 million in compensation. In a similar case, software giant HCL Technologies Limited is facing a lawsuit of alleged hiring bias based on nationality
Hiring bias claims are rising in the US and job applicants are protected with an array of anti-discrimination laws in the US. Title VII of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the most popular of all. There are also laws to protect applicants from discriminations arising from age, disabilities, maternity, and gender.
Just by being a vigilant recruiter in avoiding hiring biases, you could help your company save millions of dollars and much hard-earned goodwill
Types of Hiring Biases - How to Avoid Them?
Hiring biases come in every size and flavor. Some of them are explicit so that you call them out easily. However, some others are implicit and require a conscious attempt to identify them
Some of the hiring biases are rooted deep in our psychology, they sound like normal human behavior. However, as we saw in the previous sections, hiring biases should be a serious concern for you as a recruiter. Here is a comprehensive list of hiring biases
Similarity Bias
“When a Job candidate and I started to talk about the fact that we both have been synchronized swimmers and I felt immediately that would make her an amazing Harvard professor”
Many of us could relate to this experience shared by Iris Bohnet - a Harvard University professor. This is a typical example of similarity bias. It occurs when an interviewer tends to prefer a candidate who has similar traits, interests, and characteristics as himself
You could find it occurring in various forms. An interviewer might “like” a candidate because of they both root for a particular football team
Why does similarity Bias Arise?
According to a study that appeared in the American psychological association, humans tend to develop more accurate perceptions of the abilities of those who are similar to them. It is not only specific to the recruiter circles. Tackling similarity bias is quite tricky. In the words of Iris Bohnet, similarity bias is
“The most challenging question of the hiring process."
While similarity among the team members might promote better team rapport, it could badly affect the diversity of the team. Now the question arises - Is it possible to eliminate similarity bias? Here are a few definitive steps that could help you.
- Be conscious about the potential overlap between the interviewer and the candidate.
- An interviewer should keep a likeability score which helps to quantify the similarity bias.
- Structured interviews – every candidate is asked a set of same questions in the same order
Confirmation Bias
“When men wish to construct or support a theory, how they torture facts into their service!” - Charles Mackay in his book on crowd psychology (1841)
Assume that an interviewer forms a strong opinion about the job applicant in the first few minutes of the interview. No matter how good the candidate performs during the interview, the interviewer selectively accepts and interprets information to validate this theory. This is confirmation bias in a nutshell.
Confirmation bias is nothing new. Centuries ago, philosopher Francis Bacon has mentioned confirmation bias in his book The New Organon (1620),
“The human understanding when it has once adopted an opinion draws all things else to support and agree with it.”
How to avoid confirmation bias?
“Unconscious biases are so deep inside of us, unless we identify them and talk about them; they are not going to change.” Dawn Smith- the former Chief Legal Officer of VMware
You could use the following steps to avoid the confirmation bias:
- Like Dawn Smith suggested, their recruitment ecosystem should be transparent that people can “talk about biases openly and candidly”.
- Like IBM did in 2018, organizations can employ an artificial intelligence-based solution to prevent confirmation bias. IBM experienced that,
“Artificial Intelligence solutions identify instances of bias related to age, gender, race, education, or previous employer by assessing an organization’s historical hiring data and highlighting potential unconscious biases.”
Anchoring Bias
Jane is a star performer in an organization. She resigned her job one day and the hiring manager was in a tough position to find a talent to fill the key role
Even though multiple eligible candidates turned up, the hiring manager rejected them. The manager was looking for a carbon copy of Jane. This is an example of anchoring bias. In this example, Jane is the anchor for the manager’s expectations
Why does anchoring bias happen?
Like any other cognitive bias, anchoring bias also has roots deep in human psychology. According to this study that appeared in the journal of social psychology, the presence of an anchor creates an attitude change in us
We tend to become more favorable to the traits of the anchor and seek similar attributes in future candidates- just like what happened with Jane’s hiring manager
Even though it is a cognitive bias, setting an anchor during hiring is not necessarily bad. Assume that you had an initial candidate who lacked certain skills. While interviewing the next candidate you need to adjust the anchor to suit the job role
Another way of fighting anchoring bias is by creating clear and objective definitions of the job role
Affect Heuristics
An average American makes approximately 70 conscious decisions every day- A study by Columbia University
We make decisions quickly and sometimes unconsciously because we use something called heuristics. They are the thumb rules we use to make easy, simple and fast decisions
Sometimes the interviewers tend to rely on heuristics to accept/reject a candidate. This causes a bias because the interviewer never really analyzes the data that is relevant to the candidate’s performance. There are three types of heuristics we employ while decision making.
- Availability heuristics – taking decisions only based on the evidence that could be quickly brought to mind.
- Representative heuristics refers to a mental prototype (maybe a predecessor in the job) that is used to decide the hiring process
- The affect heuristics involves making a hiring decision based on the mood of the interviewer
People are more likely to see decisions as having higher benefits and lower risks when they are in a positive mood. - Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
How can we reduce the effect of affective heuristics?
Applying heuristics to our thought process is a primitive instinct. But, it could lead to hiring bias. However, a good remedy for affective heuristics is the work sample assessment. It gives the candidate a sample work to be completed which they would do in the job
Halo/Horn Effect
Sometimes a candidate sweeps the interviewer off the feet by having one particular good trait. On the contrary, an interviewer could be displeased by a particular trait of a candidate. The former is halo effect and latter, as you have guessed correctly – the horn effect.
The funny thing is this trait has no relation to the candidate’s future performance in the organization. Physical appearance, weight, height, dressing style, education background, previous experience – literally anything could create a halo/horn effect
“A candidate has a degree from a prestigious University so you think she must be highly competent and is looked upon favorably.” – Halo effect, source: University of Florida article
“Obese candidates were perceived as less suitable compared with normal weight candidates “– Horn effect, source: National Center for Biotechnology research paper
According to an article in Hire by Google, Horn/Halo effects could be reduced by doubting first impressions. This doubt should be systematically built into the hiring process. A study that appeared in the Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, shows that structured interviews also could help to eliminate the halo/horn effect.
Technological innovations help to avoid hiring biases
Most of the industry leaders are taking proactive steps to battle hiring bias. Like VMware who started training for managers to avoid unconscious bias and Salesforce who started examining its pay gap in 2016 and has invested $6million to correct the payment imbalances.
A case study of Bytemark Hosting describe about the peculiar instance when they got absolutely no woman applicants for the system administrator position. Using different technologies, they revamped their entire hiring system in below four steps.
- An online application form, without names or resume but only the skills.
- An anonymous interview via online chat.
- An online anonymous skill evaluation.
- A personal interview
Industry leaders look forward to companies that bring out technical innovations to battle hiring biases. For example, Talscale provides various solutions that enable the recruiters to avoid hiring biases.
- work sample coding assessments with automated evaluation – reduce bias and saves time
- A solution for structured interviews – recruiters can “pick and choose from standardized programming tasks”
- The tool also helps the recruiter to collaborate with the candidate and “watch their thought process”.
There are other technical innovations that help to mitigate biases.
- Unitive – a company that provides versatile job postings that attract a diverse candidate pool
- Entelo’s unbiased sourcing mode that helps to mask bias-prone information like name, gender, age, photos, and education gaps
- Gap Jumpers - provides blind auditions for the tech talent vetting
Key Takeaway
Why should you care about eliminating hiring bias?
Diversity and inclusion are the success mantras for any organization. Recruiters play a crucial role in increasing the profitability of a company along with its reputation
Kicking out the hiring biases and creating a positive hiring ecosystem would make your organization a truly unbiased, inclusive, and diverse institution. It becomes a positive workplace that nurtures and promotes true talent, regardless of gender, ethnicity, nationality, or social status